Alta prevalencia de malnutrición por déficit e inseguridad alimentaria en pm institucionalizadas en establecimientos de larga estadía (ELEAM) de las comunas de Chillán y Chillán Viejo, Chile

El acceso y disponibilidad a alimentos seguros y nutritivos, es prioritario para obtener una buena nutrición, con el fin de mejorar la salud y calidad de vida de las personas mayores (PM). El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición por déficit e inseguridad alimentaria en PM institucionalizadas en ELEAM, de las comunas de Chillán y Chillán Viejo, Región de Ñuble. Estudio descriptivo que incluyó a 63 personas de 65-96 años, residentes en 7 ELEAM de las comunas de Chillán y Chillán Viejo que aceptaron participar del estudio. Se evaluó el estado nutricional mediante Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), circunferencia braquial (CB), perímetro de pantorrilla (PP); y se aplicó Escala de Seguridad Alimentaria adaptada y validada. La información se analizó con estadística descriptiva uni y bivariada según tipo de variables. El grupo estuvo conformado mayoritariamente por mujeres (74,6%). La situación nutricional más prevalente fue la malnutrición por déficit (42,9%), seguida por el estado nutricional normal (31,7%). La CB mostró valores promedios de 26,9±3,5 cm en las mujeres y de 26,8±4,5 cm en los hombres; según PP el 39,6% presentó déficit de masa muscular. La seguridad alimentaria estuvo presente en el 20,6% de los encuestados y la inseguridad alimentaria en el 79,3%. Se concluye que las PM pertenecientes a los ELEAM estudiados, presentaron mayoritariamente malnutrición por déficit, e inseguridad alimentaria, lo que no contribuye a una mejor salud del grupo estudiado.

Access to and availability of sufficient, safe, and nutritious food is a priority for quality nutrition for the health and quality of life of the elderly. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of undernutrition due to food deficit and insecurity in institutionalized elderly individuals in long-term care facilities (ELEAM) in the communes of Chillán and Chillán Viejo, Ñuble Region, Chile. This descriptive study included 63 individuals aged 65-96 residing in seven ELEAM in the communes of Chillán and Chillán Viejo that accepted to participate. Nutritional status was evaluated by Body Mass Index (IMC), mid-arm circumference (MAC), and calf perimeter (CP); and an adapted and validated Food Security Scale was applied. The information was analyzed using univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics by type of variable. The group consisted mainly of women (74.6%). The most prevalent nutritional status was deficit malnutrition (42.9%), followed by normal nutritional status (31.7%). CB showed mean values of 26.9 ± 3.5 cm in women and 26.8± 4.5 cm in men; according to CP, 39.6% presented a deficit of muscular mass. Food security and insecurity were present in 20.6% and 79.3% of the respondents, respectively. It was concluded that the elderly belonging to the ELEAMs studied presented mostly deficit malnutrition, and food insecurity, which does not contribute to the better health of the group studied.

Predictive Equations Overestimate Resting Metabolic Rate in Young Chilean Women with Excess Body Fat.

Underestimating/overestimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) affects energy prescription. The objective was to compare RMR by indirect calorimetry (RMR IC) and RMR estimated by predictive equations in women with excess body fat. This was an analytical cross-sectional study with 41 women aged 18-28 with overnutrition according to body composition. The RMR IC was measured and RMR estimated using the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), Harris-Benedict, and Mifflin-St Jeor equations. The percentage of adequacy (90-110%), overestimation (>110%), and underestimation (<90%) were evaluated for RMR IC. Data were described by percentiles because of non-normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Bland-Altman analysis were applied at a significance level of α < 0.05. The RMR IC was 1192 and 1183 calories/day (p = 0.429) in women with obesity and overweight, respectively. The FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), Harris-Benedict, and Mifflin-St Jeor equations overestimated the RMR IC by 283.2, 311.2, 292.7, and 203.0 calories/day and by 296.7, 413.8, 280.0, and 176.6 calories/day for women with overweight and obesity (p < 0.001), respectively. The Harris-Benedict adjusted weight (0.5) equation underestimated RMR IC by 254.7 calories/day. The predictive equations overestimated RMR IC in women with excess body fat. The Mifflin-St Jeor equation showed less overestimation and better adequacy, but was not exempt from inaccuracy.

Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis.

Powdered infant formulas (PIF) are the most used dietary substitutes that are used in order to supplement breastfeeding. However, PIF are not sterile and can be contaminated with different microorganisms. The objective of this study was to genomically characterize Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and Enterococcus strains that were isolated from PIF. Strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic typing, detection of virulence, and resistance profiles and genes were performed with the Ridom SeqSphere+ software; the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) platform; ResFinder and PlasmidFinder tools; and by the disk diffusion method. Nineteen isolates from PIF were analyzed, including ENT such as Kosakonia cowanii, Enterobacter hormaechei, Franconibacter helveticus, Mixta calida, and lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium. The strains exhibited resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Resistance genes such as AcrAB-TolC, marA, msbA, knpEF, oqxAB, fosA, blaACT-7, blaACT-14,qacJ, oqxAB,aac(6')-Ii, and msr(C); and virulence genes such as astA, cheB, cheR, ompA ompX, terC, ironA, acm, and efaAfm, adem were also detected. All the analyzed strains possessed genes that produced heat-shock proteins, such as IbpA and ClpL. In PIF, the presence of ENT and Enterococcus that are multiresistant to antibiotics-together with resistance and virulence genes-pose a health risk for infants consuming these food products.

Association between Homophobia and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Health Workers in Southern Chile.

Homophobic attitude in health workers is a social determinant in the health of the homosexual population because it affects healthcare and its access and equity. The objective was to determine the relationship between the level of homophobia and sociodemographic characteristics of primary health workers in southern Chile. This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 491 public servants from health centers in southern Chile. The attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (ATLG) scale was applied, and a binary logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the association. The study participants were predominantly women (76.0%), under 40 years of age (63.5%), heterosexuals (93.5%), and unpartnered (68.2%) but with children (61.7%), and they also had an educational attainment ≥ 12 years (66.6%). About 87.6% of the participants held healthcare positions, and the majority were religious believers (74.3%) and had a centrist political affiliation (51.0%). Results indicated that 34% of the participants exhibited homophobic attitudes; there were statistically significant differences with respect to age, number of children, educational attainment, religion, and political affiliation (p < 0.01). These were higher in individuals ≥40 years of age, with ≥3 children, with educational attainment ≥ 12 years, holding a healthcare position, who were religious believers, and who had right-wing political affiliation.

Chilean reference of length at birth.

BACKGROUND: To generate a reference of length at birth (LB) according to sex and gestational age (GA) of the Chilean population. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study used public pooled Chilean newborn (NB) population data registered by the Civil Registry and Identification Service in Chile from 2000 to 2016. Multiple births, entries without information for LB, GA, and sex, and birth lengths <-4SD and > 4SD, were excluded. After applying the selection and randomization criteria, the final sample was made up of 5 010 963 NB (2 560 310 boys; 2 450 653 girls). Length at birth centiles by sex and GA (24-42 weeks) were calculated using the GAMLSS method and then compared with the INTERGROWTH-21st standard. RESULTS: Girls had a lower LB than boys. For most GA and in both sexes, the absolute and percentage differences of percentiles as compared with INTERGROWTH-21st were lower than 1 cm and 1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We present a reference for LB by sex and GA in the Chilean population, developed following updated methodological criteria for neonatal anthropometry, which is acceptably consistent with the INTERGROWTH-21st standard. The reference we propose may be used in clinical and epidemiological studies to identify either Chilean individuals or populations, respectively, at higher risk of perinatal and infant adverse events related to LB.

Maternal Factors Associated with Non-Exclusive Breastfeeding in Haitian Immigrant Women in Southern Chile.

There is limited knowledge concerning factors that affect non-exclusive breastfeeding (NEBF) practices in immigrant populations, especially in Latin America. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between maternal factors and the prevalence of NEBF in Haitian immigrant women in southern Chile. This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The probabilistic sample consisted of 173 Haitian women who gave informed consent. Sociodemographic and dietary-nutritional information was collected from all participants. Bivariate (χ2) and multivariate (logistic regression) inferential statistics were applied. All analyses were performed with the STATA 16.0 statistical software, and the significance level was established as α < 0.05. The prevalence of EBF at 6 mo was 54.3%. Maternal factors associated with a lower prevalence of EBF were not having permanent residency (OR: 2.34, CI: 2.18−2.83), residency <12 months (OR: 2.23, CI: 2.09−2.78), limited knowledge of breastfeeding (OR: 1.96; CI: 1.81−2.27), and low educational attainment (OR: 1.78; CI: 1.61−2.11). The protective factors were employment (OR: 0.36, CI: 0.28−0.40), access to basic services (OR: 0.32; CI: 0.22−0.48), and Spanish proficiency (OR: 0.29; CI: 0.20−0.51). Haitian immigrant women without legal residency, recently arrived, with low educational attainment, and poor knowledge of breastfeeding have more risk of not providing exclusive breastfeeding. Targeted interventions for mothers with these risk factors may help improve EBF rates.

Predictive Equation to Estimate Resting Metabolic Rate in Older Chilean Women.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) depends on body fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), whereas abdominal fat distribution is an aspect that has yet to be adequately studied. The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of waist circumference (WC) in predicting RMR and propose a specific estimation equation for older Chilean women. This is an analytical cross-sectional study with a sample of 45 women between the ages of 60 and 85 years. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and WC were evaluated. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) and %FM using the Siri equation. Adequacy (90% to 110%), overestimation (>110%), and underestimation (<90%) of the FAO/WHO/UNU, Harris−Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor, and Carrasco equations, as well as those of the proposed equation, were evaluated in relation to RMR as measured by IC. Normal distribution was determined according to the Shapiro−Wilk test. The relationship of body composition and WC with RMR IC was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. The RMR IC was 1083.6 ± 171.9 kcal/day, which was significantly and positively correlated with FFM, body weight, WC, and FM and inversely correlated with age (p < 0.001). Among the investigated equations, our proposed equation showed the best adequacy and lowest overestimation. The predictive formulae that consider WC improve RMR prediction, thus preventing overestimation in older women.

Malnutrición por exceso en niños de 5 a 10 años y su asociación con el estado nutricional pre y gestacional, lactancia materna y patología materna

La malnutrición por exceso es un problema de salud pública relevante, con origen multifactorial y factores asociados como el estado nutricional pregestacional (ENP), durante y post gestación, ganancia excesiva de peso (EGP) gestacional y duración de la lactancia materna. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la malnutrición por exceso en niños de 5 a 10 años y su asociación con el estado nutricional pre y gestacional, lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) y patologías maternas. Se realizó un estudio con 213 niños y niñas estudiantes de 5 a 10 años. Los datos biosociodemográficos se obtuvieron mediante entrevistas con las madres y datos maternos previos y el embarazo con el carné de control. El estimó estado nutricional se estimó con z-score del peso para la talla e IMC/E, según sexo. Para los análisis estadísticos se usó el software STATA 15.0. El 56% de los estudiantes tuvo malnutrición por exceso. Un 53,1% de las madres presentó malnutrición por exceso previo al embarazo que aumentó a 74,6% post gestación. El 71,4% de los niños tuvo una LME ≥6 meses. Se relacionó estadísticamente la edad materna ≥35 años (p= 0,044) y la malnutrición por exceso pregestacional (p= 0,014). La edad materna ≥35 años aumentó el riesgo de malnutrición por exceso casi dos veces (OR= 1,78; IC: 1,029-3,046), al igual que el ENP (OR= 2,11; IC: 1,193-3,693) y en patologías maternas (OR= 1,41; IC: 1, 073-2,694). En conclusión, los niños preescolares de 5 a 10 años con factores de edad materna ≥35, ENP y patologías maternas tuvieron entre 1,4 y 2,11 veces más riesgo de presentar malnutrición por exceso comparado con aquellos niños sin estos factores.

Overnutrition is a relevant public health problem with a multifactorial origin. Associated factors include maternal nutritional status before, during, and after gestation, excessive gestational weight gain, and breastfeeding duration. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between overnutrition in children aged 5-10 years and pre- and gestational nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, and maternal pathologies. The study consisted of 213 schoolchildren aged 5-10 years. Bio-socio-demographic data were obtained through interviews with mothers, previous maternal data and pregnancy follow-up records. Nutritional status was measured using weight-for-height and BMI z-score by age and sex. The STATA 15.0 software was used for statistical analysis. A total of 56% of the schoolchildren had overnutrition. Meanwhile, 53.1% of the mothers demonstrated pre-pregnancy overnutrition, which increased to 74.6% post-pregnancy. It was found that 71.4% of schoolchildren had experienced exclusive breastfeeding ≥6 months. Maternal age ≥35 years (p= 0.044) and pre-gestational nutritional status (p= 0.014) were statistically related. Maternal age ≥35 years increased overnutrition by almost two-fold (OR= 1.78; IC: 1.029-3.046), as did pre-gestational nutritional status (OR= 2.11; IC: 1.193-3.693) and maternal pathologies (OR= 1.41; IC: 1.073-2.694). In conclusion, schoolchildren aged 5-10 years with mothers ≥35 years of age, who had overnutrition in the pre-gestational period, and a pathology were 1.4 to 2.44 times more at risk of developing overnutrition than children without these factors.

Association between Maternal Factors, Preterm Birth, and Low Birth Weight of Chilean Singletons.

There has been an increase in preterm (PT) births in Western countries in recent years, which is associated with low-birthweight (LBW) children. The aim of this study was to determine the association between maternal factors and PT and LBW Chilean newborns. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study of a national sample of 903,847 newborns and their mothers. The newborn gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, marital status, education, employment situation, and residence were analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied (α = 0.05) (STATA v.15). The prevalence was 6.8% and 5.0% for PT and LBW, respectively. The probability of the newborns being PT and LBW was 1.18 and 1.22 times if their mothers had <12 years of education and 1.38 and 1.29 times if the mothers were ≥35 years old, respectively. Mothers with <12 years education and ≥35 years were risk factors for PT and LBW newborns. Maternal educational attainment was a protective factor for the Chilean newborns, and a maternal age ≥35 years was a risk factor for PT and LBW.

Obese Women Have a High Carbohydrate Intake without Changes in the Resting Metabolic Rate in the Luteal Phase.

Hormonal changes are caused by the menstrual cycle phases, which influence resting metabolic rate and eating behavior. The aim of the study was to determine resting metabolic rate (RMR) and its association with dietary intake according to the menstrual cycle phase in lean and obese Chilean women. This cross-sectional analytical study included 30 adult women (15 lean and 15 with obesity). Body composition was measured with a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance meter. Nutritional status was determined by adiposity. A 24-h recall of three nonconsecutive days verifies dietary intake. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. All measurements were performed in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA software at a significance level, which was α = 0.05. The RMR (ß = 121.6 kcal/d), temperature (ß = 0.36 °C), calorie intake (ß = 317.1 kcal/d), and intake of lipids (ß = 13.8 g/d) were associated with the luteal phase in lean women. Only extracellular water (ß = 1.11%) and carbohydrate consumption (ß = 45.2 g/d) were associated in women with obesity. Lean women showed increased RMR, caloric intake, and lipid intake during the luteal phase. For women with obesity, carbohydrate intake increased but not RMR.

Association of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight with Gestational Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 Particulate Matter in Chileans Newborns.

Fetal growth can be affected by gestational exposure to air pollution. The aim of the study was to determine the association between prematurity and low birth weight (LBW) with gestational exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter in Chileans newborns. This cross-sectional analytical study included 595,369 newborns. Data were extracted from the live newborn records of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Sex, gestational age, birth weight, and living variables were analyzed. We used the Air Quality Information System of the Chilean Ministry of the Environment to obtain mean PM2.5 and PM10 emissions. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed with STATA 15.0 software at α < 0.05. Prevalence was 7.4% prematurity and 5.5% LBW. Mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 25.5 µg/m3 and 55.3 µg/m3, respectively. PM2.5 was associated with an increased the risk of LBW (OR: 1.031; 95%CI: 1.004−1.059) when exposure occurred in the second trimester, while PM10 affected the whole pregnancy. In addition, PM10 exposure in any gestational trimester was associated with an increased the risk of prematurity. The PM10 particulate matter was associated with both prematurity and LBW in all of the trimesters of exposure. The PM2.5 particulate matter was only associated with LBW when exposure occurred in the second gestational trimester.

Profiling the Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated From Powdered and Dairy Formulas by Whole-Genome Sequencing.

Cronobacter sakazakii is an enteropathogen that causes neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants and newborns with a mortality rate of 15 to 80%. Powdered and dairy formulas (P-DF) have been implicated as major transmission vehicles and subsequently the presence of this pathogen in P-DF led to product recalls in Chile in 2017. The objective of this study was to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) and laboratory studies to characterize Cronobacter strains from the contaminated products. Seven strains were identified as C. sakazakii, and the remaining strain was Franconibacter helveticus. All C. sakazakii strains adhered to a neuroblastoma cell line, and 31 virulence genes were predicted by WGS. The antibiograms varied between strains. and included mcr-9.1 and bla CSA genes, conferring resistance to colistin and cephalothin, respectively. The C. sakazakii strains encoded I-E and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems, and carried IncFII(pECLA), Col440I, and Col(pHHAD28) plasmids. In summary, WGS enabled the identification of C. sakazakii strains and revealed multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. These findings support the decision to recall the contaminated powdered and dairy formulas from the Chilean market in 2017.

Índice de alimentación saludable e indicador sodio/(potasio+calcio) en estudiantes universitarios chilenos / Healthy eating index and sodium/(potassium+calcium) indicator in Chilean university students

Resumen Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios poco saludables de los estudiantes universitarios constituyen una preocupación importante para la atención medica-nutricional futura. Objetivo: Determinar el Índice de Alimentación Saludable (IAS) e indicador sodio/(potasio+calcio) en universitarios chilenos. Materiales y métodos: Investigación analítica, de corte transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 420 estudiantes, a quienes se aplicó encuesta de información sociodemográfica y antropométrica. Con el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y recordatorio de 24 horas se determinó el IAS e indicador sodio/(potasio+calcio). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial utilizando el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v22.0. Resultados: El peso, talla e Índice de Masa Corporal, presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, según sexo (p<0,05). Misma situación fue encontrada en el promedio de ingesta de calorías, lípidos, carbohidratos, fibra, calcio y sodio (p<0,05). La ingesta de frutas, verduras y lácteos bajos en grasa fue mayor en mujeres (p<0,01). La mayoría de los sujetos presentaron alimentación poco saludable, siendo mayor en el caso de los hombres (p<0,05). Sólo el 6% de los hombres y 17% de las mujeres tenían una dieta cardio-protectora. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes presentan una dieta con deficiente ingesta de micronutrientes cardioprotectores, hecho que incrementa el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Abstract Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits of university students constitutes an important concern for future medical and nutritional care. Objective: To determine the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the sodium/(potassium+calcium) indicator in Chilean university students. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional research was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample of 420 students, who answered a survey covering sociodemographic and anthropometric issues. The HEI and sodium/(potassium+calcium) indicator were determined using the consumption frequency and 24-hour reminder questionnaire. A descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was applied through the SPSS (v22.0) program. Results: The weight, height and the body mass index (BMI) of the participants showed statistically significant differences according to their gender (p<0.05). A similar pattern was found in the average intake of calories, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, calcium and sodium (p<0.05). Intake of fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products was higher in women (p<0.01). The majority of participating students had an unhealthy diet, with the situation being more severe in men (p<0.05). Only 6% of men and 17% of women had a cardio-protective diet. Conclusions: Students follow diets with a deficient intake of cardio-protective micronutrients, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Estrés académico y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de carreras de salud de Santiago de Chile / Academic stress and coping strategies in students of health degrees in Santiago de Chile

RESUMEN Fundamento: el stress académico en los estudiantes universitarios puede desencadenar manifestaciones en el orden físico, psicológico y social. Objetivo: determinar el estrés académico y las estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de carreras de salud en Santiago de Chile. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal-analítico en una institución de educación superior privada de Santiago de Chile durante el año 2019. Se emplearon los instrumentos de Estrés Académico modificado y la Escala de Afrontamiento del Estrés Académico a la muestra de estudiantes. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, utilizando ANOVA (one-way), test de posthoc de Tukey y Chi2. La significancia se estableció en α<0,05 y los análisis se realizaron con el software STATA 15.0. Resultados: más del 70 % de la muestra se encontraba en un nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo. La situación generadora de estrés predominante estuvo referida a la sobrecarga de trabajo, la cual fue diferente entre los estudiantes de Enfermería (4,1±0,7) en comparación con los de las otras carreras (p=0,032). Ellos presentaron principalmente reacciones físicas ante las situaciones del estrés académico (p=0,024) mientras que los de Terapia Ocupacional tuvieron mayormente reacciones psicológicas (p=0,21). Estos últimos refirieron la revaluación positiva como estrategia de afrontamiento, mientras que el resto de las carreras prefieren la búsqueda de apoyo (p=0.032). Conclusiones: se determinó el estrés académico y sus estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de carreras de salud en Santiago de Chile, quienes identificaron la sobrecarga de trabajo como su génesis sin presentar diferencias entre programas de estudio, pero sí en su afrontamiento.

ABSTRACT Background: academic stress in university students can trigger manifestations in the physical, psychological and social order. Objective: to determine academic stress and coping strategies in students of health degrees in Santiago de Chile. Methods: a cross-sectional-analytical study was carried out in a private higher education institution in Santiago de Chile during 2019. The modified Academic Stress instruments and the Academic Stress Coping Scale were applied to the sample of students. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used, using ANOVA (one-way), Tukey's posthoc test and Chi2. Significance was established at α <0.05 and analyzes were performed with the STATA 15.0 software. Resultados: más del 70 % de la muestra se encontraba en un nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo. La situación generadora de estrés predominante estuvo referida a la sobrecarga de trabajo, la cual fue diferente entre los estudiantes de Enfermería (4,1±0,7) en comparación con los de las otras carreras (p=0,032). Ellos presentaron principalmente reacciones físicas ante las situaciones del estrés académico (p=0,024) mientras que los estudiantes Terapia Ocupacional tuvieron principalmente reacciones psicológicas (p=0,21). Estos últimos refirieron la revaluación positiva como estrategia de afrontamiento, mientras que el resto de las carreras prefieren la búsqueda de apoyo (p=0.032). Conclusiones: se determinó el estrés académico y sus estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de carreras de salud en Santiago de Chile, quienes identificaron la sobrecarga de trabajo como su génesis sin presentar diferencias entre programas de estudio, pero sí en su enfrentamiento.

Presence of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Artisanal Chilean Foods.

Ready-to-eat (RTE) artisanal foods are very popular, but they can be contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. The aim was to determine the presence of L. monocytogenes in artisanal RTE foods and evaluate its food safety risk. We analyzed 400 RTE artisanal food samples requiring minimal (fresh products manufactured by a primary producer) or moderate processing (culinary products for sale from the home, restaurants such as small cafés, or on the street). Listeria monocytogenes was isolated according to the ISO 11290-1:2017 standard, detected with VIDAS equipment, and identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A small subset (n = 8) of the strains were further characterized for evaluation. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the CLSI methodology, and the virulence genes hlyA, prfA, and inlA were detected by PCR. Genotyping was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 7.5% of RTE artisanal foods. On the basis of food type, positivity in minimally processed artisanal foods was 11.6%, significantly different from moderately processed foods with 6.2% positivity (p > 0.05). All the L. monocytogenes strains (n = 8) amplified the three virulence genes, while six strains exhibited premature stop codons (PMSC) in the inlA gene; two strains were resistant to ampicillin and one strain was resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Seven strains were 1/2a serotype and one was a 4b strain. The sampled RTE artisanal foods did not meet the microbiological criteria for L. monocytogenes according to the Chilean Food Sanitary Regulations. The presence of virulence factors and antibiotic-resistant strains make the consumption of RTE artisanal foods a risk for the hypersensitive population that consumes them.

Guía práctica de aplicación del método dietético para el diagnóstico nutricional integrado / Practical guide for applying the dietary method for integrated nutritional diagnosis

RESUMEN El método dietario, como parte de la evaluación nutricional, presenta como meta final el reunir información que faculta la interpretación del consumo de alimentos en una persona, independiente del grupo etario o condición de salud en que se encuentre. Considera aspectos cronológicos, sexo, actividad física o religión, entre otros factores. El objetivo de esta revisión es la entrega de una guía práctica para aplicar el método dietético del diagnóstico nutricional integrado a través de la administración e interpretación de las encuestas alimentarias, profundizando en aquellas más reconocidas como el Diario Dietético o la Encuesta del Recordatorio de 24 hrs. El artículo sugiere, además, datos prácticos que facilitan su aplicación y estudio, información necesaria para los nutricionistas o los futuros expertos en el área y también para todo el equipo de salud, fomentando la comprensión de la importancia que presenta su adecuada aplicación. Como conclusión, un apropiado uso de herramientas de obtención de información dietaria, permiten la profundización en la alimentación y otorga directrices para el estudio de algunos comportamientos alimentarios.

ABSTRACT The dietary method, as part of a nutritional evaluation, aims to gather information that allows the interpretation of food consumption in a person, independent of age or health condition. The method considers chronological aspects, sex, physical activity or religion, among others. The objective of this review is to provide practical guidance to apply the dietary method of integrated nutritional diagnosis through the administration and interpretation of food surveys, such as a daily diet survey or a 24-hour dietary recall. The article also provides practical information that allows its application and research, information that is necessary for nutritionists, other health staff, and future experts to enhance the comprehension of the importance of correct application. In conclusion, an appropriate use of dietary information tools allows for a deepening of the diet and provides guidelines for the study of certain eating behaviors.

Association between high pre-pregnancy body mass index, excess gestational weight gain, and poor breastfeeding with overweight in 3-4-year-old Chilean children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between prepregnancy body mass, gestational weight gain, and inadequate breastfeeding (BF) with overweight in Chilean children ages 3 to 4 y. METHODS: This was an analytical and cross-sectional study with 560 participants. Age, residence, BF, and weight gain information were collected from child care records. The children's nutritional status (NS) was determined according to the weight-for-height z-score for sex. Bivariate relationships were evaluated by the χ2 test, and a multivariate logistic regression model was applied with the Stata version 15 software at α < 0.05. RESULTS: Prepregnancy NS values were 37% normal and 63% overweight. Excess weight gain occurred in 75% of the mothers. The children's NS was related to the duration of BF (P = 0.002), prepregnancy NS (P = 0.002), and weight gain (P = 0.004). When adjusting the logistic regression model for sex and maternal age, the overweight prepregnancy NS increased up to twice the risk for OW in children (odds ratio [OR], 2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.1), as well as excess weight gain (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-5.9), and non-exclusive BF (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4). CONCLUSION: Children showing risk factors such as non-exclusive BF, prepregnancy NS with overweight, and excess gestational weight gain faced between 2 and 2.4 times more risk for overweight than children without these factors.

Problemas ortográficos en estudiantes chilenos de ciclo inicial pertenecientes a carreras de la salud / Spelling problems in Chilean students of initial cycle belonging to health degrees

RESUMEN Fundamento: las normas ortográficas resultan importantes en todo ámbito de vida, especialmente durante la formación profesional. Objetivo: caracterizar los problemas ortográficos en estudiantes chilenos de ciclo inicial pertenecientes a carreras de la salud. Métodos: estudio no experimental, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y como empírico: la revisión de 104 narraciones escritas por los sujetos en estudio, de las especialidades de Nutrición, Kinesiología y Fonoaudiología. Las categorías de análisis resultaron de una adaptación de las aplicadas por Sotomayor et al. (2013). A partir de ellas se evaluaron la acentuación, uso de c/s/z/b/v/h, omisión e hipo/hipersegmentación. Los datos se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Resultados: en general se observó que los estudiantes comparten valores similares en cuanto a los errores más frecuentes; en la acentuación de palabras predominaron los cometidos en las agudas en más de la mitad de los muestreados, mientras los menos frecuentes se correspondieron con la tilde diacrítica; la menor frecuencia de faltas estuvo en la segmentación. Los estudiantes de Nutrición aportaron el mayor porciento de vocablos escritos incorrectamente. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico realizado permitió caracterizar la prevalencia de errores ortográficos consumados por los sujetos en estudio. Este constituye el primer estudio realizado con universitarios chilenos de ciencias de la salud. Se hace necesario profundizar en estas investigaciones para generar estrategias contextualizadas con el propósito de minimizar la frecuencia de errores o erradicar esta deficiencia.

ABSTRACT Background: spelling rules are important in all spheres of life, especially during professional training. Objective: to characterize the spelling problems in Chilean students of the initial cycle belonging to health degrees. Methods: non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Theoretical and empirical methods were applied: the review of 104 narratives written by the subjects under study, of the specialties of Nutrition, Kinesiology and Phonoaudiology. The analysis categories resulted from an adaptation of those applied by Sotomayor et al. (2013). From them, stress, use of c/s/z/b/v/h, omission and hypo/hyper-segmentation were evaluated. Data were expressed in absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: in general it was observed that students share similar values regarding the most frequent errors; in the stressing of words, those committed in the last syllable predominated in more than half of the sampled ones, while the less frequent ones corresponded with the diacritical accent; the lowest frequency of faults was in the segmentation. Nutrition students contributed with the highest percentage of incorrectly written words. Conclusions: the diagnosis made allowed to characterize the prevalence of spelling errors made by the subjects under study. This constitutes the first study carried out with Chilean university students of health sciences. It is necessary to deepen these investigations to generate contextualized strategies with the purpose of minimizing the frequency of errors or eradicating this deficiency.